三、供给侧三驾马车助推经济增长
III. Supply-side Troika Boosts Economic Growth

政府通过开拓资源生成领域，可以形成政府在供给侧的三驾马车，推动一国或区域经济的发展。政府在供给侧的三驾马车包括要素供给、环境供给和市场供给。

(1)要素供给，包括有形要素和无形要素。它揭示出世界各国微观企业生产要素的内涵及其变革进程。

① 有形要素：太空资源、深海资源、极地资源等；

② 无形要素：技术、数据等。

(2)环境供给，包括硬环境和软环境。它揭示出世界各国营商环境的内涵及其变革进程。

① 硬环境：基础设施、生态环保等；

② 软环境：政策措施、管理效率等。

(3)市场供给，包括市场横向体系和市场纵向体系。它揭示出世界各国市场领域的开拓、市场体系的完善，以及市场经济内涵的变革进程。

① 市场横向体系：产业经济、城市经济、国际经济等；

② 市场纵向体系：市场要素、市场组织、市场法治、市场监管、市场环境、市场基础设施等。

凯恩斯的《就业、利息和货币通论》也涉及了政府行为和政府干预的问题。在该书中，凯恩斯重新解释了充分就业的概念，提出了有效需求原理、简单的国民收入决定理论、三大心理变量的运行规律、乘数理论、经济周期理论，研究了物价理论、工资理论、国际贸易理论。

因此，经济学界认为凯恩斯对经济学做出了贡献：①找到了一国促进经济增长的新领域；②认为政府要干预国家经济的发展，手段、措施和切入点就在于基础设施投资；③认为政府应运用财政政策作为政策主体。于是，凯恩斯特色经济思想作为一个独立的经济学理论体系逐渐形成。

比较典型的成功案例是包含有凯恩斯特色思想的罗斯福新政。罗斯福新政的核心可以概括为3Rs，即复兴、救济、改革(recovery、relief、reform)。以工代赈是罗斯福新政最重要的一条措施，除了整顿银行和金融业、复兴工业、调整农业政策、建立社会保障体系、建立急救救济署等措施，还有大力兴建公共工程、增加就业、刺激生产和消费，这些措施取得了成效。

但笔者认为，凯恩斯经济学理论也存在着问题。第一，凯恩斯经济学理论没有在本质上严格区分公共物品与商品；第二，没有严格区分和界定城市基础设施建设与产业经济；第三，没有严格区分城市基础设施建设参与主体与产业经济参与主体；第四，没有明确参与主体之一的政府在公共物品的投资中是否也应遵循市场规则；第五，没有明确阐明政府在参与基础设施投资时，与私人投资者和投资者联盟，是否也有竞争关系。

因此，凯恩斯经济学理论的缺陷明显地表现出来：第一，凯恩斯经济学理论抛弃了斯密的理论支撑，但又有意无意地依赖着斯密的产业经济市场理论；第二，凯恩斯找到了一国促进经济增长的新领域——城市基础设施的开发和利用，但在论述政府职能时，却又缺乏其理论上的合理内核；第三，凯恩斯在理论上忽略了一个国家经济增长中的资源生成问题；第四，凯恩斯借用了斯密产业资源配置的理论，却又不去讨论城市资源的生成与配置问题；第五，他的资源生成缺少“制度建设”配套；第六，凯恩斯没能以经济学的核心原则——资源配置中的资源稀缺和资源生成为切入点，分析和演化出现代市场理论与现代经济学体系。

本章提出的“供给侧三驾马车助推经济增长”与凯恩斯经济学理论有着本质区别。

(1)行为节点不同。“供给侧三驾马车助推经济增长”侧重在过程的事前；凯恩斯经济学理论的政府干预表现在事中、事后。

(2)调节侧重点不同。“供给侧三驾马车助推经济增长”涉及政府作用于三类生成性资源的全方位、全过程；而凯恩斯经济学理论的政府干预着重在需求侧。

(3)政府作用不同。有为政府在资源生成领域作为市场主体发挥着作用；凯恩斯经济学理论仍然把政府置于市场之外。

(4)运行模式不同。“供给侧三驾马车推动经济增长”是通过政府引领和供给侧结构性改革，使得市场决定资源配置，同时更好地发挥政府作用；而凯恩斯经济学理论强调政府干预和需求侧作用。

政府使用供给侧三驾马车助推经济增长与西方经济学中的供给学派也不完全相同。两者的相同点是：都将供给侧作为理论的主要出发点；都重视对政府政策的经济效应分析。两者的本质区别是：政府使用供给侧三驾马车助推经济增长，是借助于对三类生成性资源的开发和利用，运用财政、金融、环境、效率、法律等政策手段，扩大要素供给、环境供给和市场供给，带动需求，促进一个区域或一个国家的经济可持续增长；而供给学派中的萨伊定律与需求管理决裂，否认政府干预。因此二者的理论基础、政府作用、政策手段和政策目标不同。

笔者认为，政府使用供给侧三驾马车助推经济增长是一个区域乃至一个国家生产方式的一场变革。第一，它扩大了微观企业生产要素的内涵，推动了产业生产要素的变革。区域政府在遵循市场规律的基础上开发、利用和管理资源生成领域的三类资源，从而把微观企业的要素内涵扩展到现阶段有形要素与无形要素相融合的六要素中。第二，它扩大了中观区域营商环境的内涵，推动了一国营商环境的变革。区域政府为推动经济的可持续增长，不断进行投资建设，改善硬环境、完善软环境，推动了一国营商环境的变革与提升。第三，它扩大了一国市场作用的领域和空间，构建了全新的多层次市场体系。市场横向体系中，企业和政府作为双重主体，在产业经济、城市经济、国际经济等领域发挥着作用；市场纵向体系包含市场要素体系、市场组织体系、市场法治体系、市场监管体系、市场环境体系、市场基础设施，其六大功能推动着世界各国市场经济内涵的变革与扩大。第四，它阐明了政府在市场经济中的定位及作用。政府的有为作用体现在供给侧对三类资源的调配、政策配套和目标实现上。第五，它发掘和开拓了一国经济增长重要的新引擎，即投资新引擎、创新新引擎和规则新引擎。

By exploring the field of resource generation, the government may form a “troika” on the supply side to promote a country′s or region′s economic development. The supply-side troika refers to the supply of factor, the supply of environment, and the supply of market.

(1) The supply of factor involves tangible factors and intangible factors. It unveils the connotation and transformation process of micro-enterprise′s factor of production in various countries around the world.

① Tangible factors include space resource, deep-sea resource, polar resource, etc.

② Intangible factors include technology, data, etc.

(2) The supply of environment includes hard environment and soft environment. It unveils the connotation and transformation process of business environment in various countries around the world.

① The hard environment includes infrastructure, environmental protection, etc.

② The soft environment includes policy, management efficiency, etc.

(3) The supply of market includes transverse market system and longitudinal market system. It unveils the market development, market system improvement, and the transformation process of the connotation of market economy in various countries around the world.

① The transverse market system includes industrial economy, urban economy, international economy, etc.

② The longitudinal market system includes market factor, market organization, market legal system, market supervision, market environment, market infrastructure, etc.

Keynes mentioned government behavior and intervention in his The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. In the book, Keynes reinterpreted the concept of full employment, put forward the principle of effective demand, the theory of determination of national income, the operating rules of three psychological variables, the multiplier theory, the theory of business cycle, and studied the price theory, the wage theory, and the international trade theory.

Therefore, economists believe that Keynes made the following contributions to economics: ①he found new areas for promoting a country′s economic growth; ②he believed that the government should intervene in the development of the national economy by means of infrastructure investment; ③he believed that the government should mostly adopt fiscal policies. As a result, Keynes′s economic thoughts function as an independent theoretical system in economics.

A successful case was the Roosevelt′s New Deal, which put Keynes′s economic thoughts into use. The core of Roosevelt′s New Deal can be summarized as 3Rs, namely recovery, relief, and reform. Work relief was the most important measure in Roosevelt′s New Deal. Roosevelt rectified the banking and financial industry, revitalized the industry, adjusted agricultural policies, established a social security system, set up the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and vigorously promoted the construction of public works to create jobs and stimulate production and consumption, all of which achieved fruitful results.

However, the author believes Keynes did not essential distinguish public goods and commodity;did not rigorously distinguish and define urban infrastructure construction and industrial economy; did not rigorously distinguish participants in the urban infrastructure construction and those in the industrial economy; did not specify whether the government, one of the participants, should follow market rules when investing in public goods; did not clearly clarify whether the government competes with private investors and investors′ alliance when participating in infrastructure investment.

Therefore, the following shortcomings are clearly visible in his economic theory. Firstly, Keynes abandoned Smith′s theoretical support, but intentionally or unintentionally relied on Smith′s industrial economy market theory. Secondly, he found a new area for promoting a country′s economic growth: the development and utilization of urban infrastructure, but failed to find a reasonable theoretical core when discussing government functions. Thirdly, he ignored resource generation in a country′s economic growth. Fourthly, he borrowed Smith′s theory of industrial resource allocation, but did not discuss the generation and allocation of urban resources. Fifthly, his resource generation was not supported by “institutional construction”.Sixthly, he failed to analyze and develop modern market theory and the system of modern economics based on the core principles of economics: resource scarcity and resource generation in resource allocation.

The theory that “Supply-side Troika Boosts Economic Growth” proposed in this chapter is fundamentally different from Keynes′s economic theory.

(1) Different behavioral nodes. The theory that “Supply-side Troika Boosts Economic Growth” focuses on pre-event behaviors, while the government intervention specified in Keynes′s economic theory focuses on mid-event and post-event behaviors.

(2) Different priorities of adjustment. The theory that “Supply-side Troika Boosts Economic Growth” involves the role of government in three types of generative resources in an all-round way, while the government intervention specified in Keynes′s economic theory focuses on the demand side.

(3) Different government roles. Effective government plays as a major market entity in the field of resource generation, while Keynes′s economic theory ignores government′s role in the market.

(4) Different operational modes. The theory that “Supply-side Troika Boosts Economic Growth” requires the government to lead and carry out supply-side structural reforms to help the market to determine resource allocation and help the government itself to better play its role, while Keynes′s economic theory emphasizes government intervention and its role on the demand side.

The theory that “Supply-side Troika Boosts Economic Growth” is similar to the Supply-side Economics to some extent. They are identical in starting with the supply side and emphasizing the analysis of the economic effects of government policies. As for their essential differences, the theory that “Supply-side Troika Boosts Economic Growth” refers to developing and utilizing three types of generative resources and taking fiscal, financial, environmental, efficiency, and legal policies and means to expand the supply of factor, environment and market, boost demand, and promote sustainable economic growth in a region or country. Say′s Law denies demand management and government intervention. Therefore, the theory “Supply-side Troika Boosts Economic Growth” and the Supply-side Economics are different in basic theories, government roles, policy tools, and policy objectives.

The author believes that the theory that “Supply-side Troika Boosts Economic Growth”implies a change in the production mode of a region or even a country for the following reasons. First, it expands the connotation of micro-enterprise′s factor of production and promotes the transformation of industrial factor of production. Regional governments should develop, utilize,and manage three types of resources in the field of resource generation subject to market rules, thereby integrating the connotation of micro-enterprise′s factor of production with the current six tangible and intangible factors. Second, it expands the connotation of mezzo business environment and promotes the transformation of a country′s business environment. In order to promote sustainable economic growth, regional governments should keep investment and construction and improve the hard and soft environments, thereby promoting the transformation and enhancement of a country′s business environment. Third, it expands the scope and space for the role of a country′s market, and builds a new multi-level market system. In a transverse market system, both enterprise and government play a role in industrial economy, urban economy, international economy, and other fields. The longitudinal market system involves market factor system, market organization system, market law system, market supervision system, market environment system, and market infrastructure, all of which promote the transformation and expansion of the connotation of market economy in countries around the world. Fourth, it clarifies the positioning and role of a government in the market economy. The effective role of a government is reflected in the allocation of three types of resources on the supply side, policy support, and goal achievement. Fifth, it unveils important new engines for a country′s economic growth, namely investment, innovation, and rules.